Vedic Mathematics or 'Sixteen Simple Mathematical Formulae from the Vedas' was written by His Holiness Jagadguru Sankaracarya Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji Maharaja of Govardhana Matha, Puri. It deals mainly with various Vedic mathematical formulae and their applications for carrying out tedious and cumbersome arithmetical operations, and to a very large extent, executing them mentally. In this field of mental arithmetical operations, the works of the famous mathematicians Trachtenberg and Lester Meyers (High-Speed Maths) are elementary compared to that of Jagadguruji.

Some people may find it difficult, at first reading to understand the arithmetical operations although they have been explained very lucidly by Jagadguruji. It is not because the explanations are lacking in any manner but because the methods are totally unconventional. Some people are so deeply rooted in conventional methods that they, probably subconsciously, reject to see the logic of unconventional methods.

An attempt has been made to explain the unconventional aspects of Vedic methods. Once the reader gets used to the unconventional at the beginning itself, he would find no difficulty in the later chapters. Therefore, the explanatory notes are given for the first few chapters only.

Review(s)

This monumental work on Vedic mathematics unfolds a new method of approach. It relates to the truth of numbers and magnitudes equally applicable to all sciences and arts. - Book Today (India Today), Jan-Feb. 2011

Throughout the book efforts have been made to solve the problems in a short time and in a short space also...one can see that the formulae given by the author from Vedas are very interesting and encourage a young mind for learning mathematics as it will not be a bugbear to him. - S.C. Sharma, Mathematics Today, September 1986

The book endorses the omniscient nature of Vedas... is recommended for students and amateur Mathematicians. It will help children who get nightmares before a mathematics examination. - K.V. Sudhakar, Mid-Day, July 5th 1999

In his deep-layer explorations of cryptic Vedic mysteries relating to their calculus of shorthand formulae and their neat and ready application to practical problems, the late Sankaracarya shows the rare combination of the probing insight and revealing intuition of a Yogi with the analytic acumen and synthetic talent of a mathematician. - Swami Pratyagatmananda Saraswati in his Forword

About The Author

HIS HOLINESS JAGADGURU SANKARACARYA SRI BHARATI KRSNA TIRTHAJI MAHARAJA (March 1884-February 1960)" was named as Venkatraman in his early days. As he was extraordinarily proficient in Sanskrit and oratory, he was awarded the title of 'Saraswati' by the Madras Sanskrit Association in July 1899.

After winning the highest place in the B.A. Examination, he appeared at the M.A. Examination of the American College of Sciences, Rochester, New York from Bombay Centre in 1904 and passed in six subjects (Sanskrit, Philosophy, English, Mathematics, History and Science) simultaneously securing the highest honours in all. In 1908, he proceeded to the Sringeri Matha in Mysore to learn at the feet of the renowned late Jagadguru Shankaracharya Maharaj Sri Satcidanandaji. After several years of the most advanced studies, the deepest meditation, and the highest spiritual attainment; he was initiated into the holy order of Sannyasa at Banaras (Varanasi) by Shankaracharya Sri Trivikram Tirthaji of Sharadapeeth on July 4th 1919 and on this occasion he was given the new name, Swami Bharati Krsna Tirthaji. Later, in 1925 Jagadguru Sankaracarya Sri Madhu- Sudan Tirthaji of Govardhan Matha, Puri, virtually forced him to accept the Govardhan Math's Gaddi. In this capacity, he continued to. disseminate the holy spiritual teachings of Sanatana Dharma in their pristine purity all over the world for the rest of his life.

Author's Preface

1. In the course of our discourses on manifold and multifarious subjects (spiritual, metaphysical, philosophical, psychic, psychological, ethical, educational, scientific, mathematical, historical, political, economic, social etc., from time to time and from place to place during the last five decades and more, we have been repeatedly pointing out that the Vedas (the most ancient Indian scriptures, nay, the oldest "Religious" scriptures of the whole world) claim to deal with all branches of learning (spiritual and temporal) and to give the earnest seeker after knowledge "all the requisite instructions and guidance in full detail and on scientifically- nay, mathematically-accurate lines in them all and so on.

2. The very word "Veda" has this derivational meaning, i.e. the fountain-head and illimitable store-house of all knowledge. This derivation, in effect, means, connotes and implies that the Vedas should contain within themselves all the knowledge needed by mankind relating not only to the so-called 'spiritual' (or other-worldly) matters but also to those usually described as purely "secular", "temporal", or "worldly"; and also to the means required .by humanity as such for the achievement of all-round, complete and perfect success in all conceivable directions and that there can be no adjectival or restrictive epithet calculated (or tending) to limit that knowledge down in any sphere, any direction or any respect whatsoever.

3. In other words, it connotes and implies that our ancient Indian Vedic lore should be all-round, complete and perfect and able to throw the fullest necessary light on all matters which any aspiring seeker after knowledge can possibly seek to be enlightened on.

4. It is thus in the fitness of things that the Vedas include (i) Ayurveda (anatomy, physiology, hygiene, sanitary science, medical science, surgery etc.) not for the purpose of achieving perfect health and strength in the after-death future but in order to attain them here and now in our present physical bodies; (ii) Dhanurveda (archery and other military sciences) not for fighting with one another after our transportation to heaven but in order to quell and subdue all invaders from abroad and all insurgents from within; (iii) Gandharva Veda (the science and art of music); and (iv) Sthapatya Veda (engineering, architecture etc., and all branches of mathematics in general). All these subjects, be it noted, are inherent parts of the Vedas, i.e. are reckoned as "spiritual" studies and catered for as such therein.

5. Similar is the case with regard to the Vedangas (i.e. grammar, prosody, astronomy, lexicography etc..) which, according to the Indian cultural conceptions, are also inherent parts and subjects of Vedic (i.e. Religious) study.

6. As a direct and unshirkable consequence of this analytical and grammatical study of the real connotation and full implications of the word "Veda" and owing to various other historical causes of a personal character (into details of which we need not now enter), we have been from our very early childhood, most earnestly and actively striving to study the Vedas critically from this stand-point and to realise and prove to ourselves (and to others) the correctness (or otherwise) of the- derivative meaning in question.

7. There were, too, certain personal historical reasons why in our quest for the discovering of all learning in all its departments, branches, sub-branches etc., in the Vedas, our gaze was riveted mainly on ethics, psychology and metaphysics on the one hand and on the "positive" sciences and especially mathematics on the other.

8. And the contemptuous or, at best patronising attitude adopted by some so-called Orientalists, Indologists, antiquarians, research-scholars etc., who condemned, or light-heartedly, nay irresponsibly, frivolously and flippantly dismissed, several abstruse-looking and recondite parts of the Vedas as "sheer-non-sense'v=or as "infant-humanity's prattle", and so on, merely added fuel to the fire (so to speak) and further confirmed and strengthened our resolute determination to unravel the too-long hidden mysteries of philosophy and science contained in ancient India's Vedic lore, with the consequence that, after eight years of concentrated contemplation in forest-solitude, we were at long last able to recover the long lost keys which alone could unlock the portals thereof.

9. And we were agreeably astonished and intensely gratified to find that exceedingly tough mathematical problem (which the mathematically most advanced present-day Western scientific world had spent huge lots of. time, energy and money on and which even now it solves with the utmost difficulty and after vast labour involving large numbers of difficult, tedious and cumbersome "steps" of working) can be easily and readily solved with the help of these ultra-easy Vedic Sutras (or mathematical aphorisms) contained in the Parisista (the Appendix-portion) of the Atharvaveda in a few simple steps and by methods which can be conscientiously described as mere "mental arithmetic".

10. Ever since (i.e. since several decades ago), we have been carrying on an incessant and strenuous campaign for the India-wide diffusion of all this scientific knowledge, by means of lectures, blackboard- demonstrations, regular classes and so on: in schools, colleges, universities etc., all over the country and have been astounding our audiences everywhere with the wonders and marvels not to .say, miracles of Indian Vedic mathematics.

11. We were thus able to succeed in attracting the more-than-passing attention of the authorities of several Indian universities to this subject. And, in 1952, the Nagpur University not merely had a few lectures and blackboard demonstrations given but also arranged for our holding regular classes in Vedic mathematics (in the University's Convocation Hall) for the benefit of all in general and especially of the University and college professors of mathematics, physics etc.

12. And, consequently, the educationists and the cream of the English educated section of the people including the highest officials (e.g. high- court judges, ministers etc.,) and the general public as such were all highly impressed nay, thrilled, wonder-struck and flabbergasted! And not only the newspapers but even the University's official reports described the tremendous sensation caused thereby, in superlatively eulogistic terms; and the papers began to refer to us as "the Octogenarian Jagadguru Sankaracarya who had taken Nagpur by storm with his Vedic mathematics"; and so on!

13. It is manifestly impossible, in the course of a short note (in the nature of a "trailer"), to give a full, detailed, thorough-going, comprehensive and exhaustive description of the unique features and startling characteristics of all the mathematical lore in question. This can and will be done in the subsequent volumes of this series (dealing seriatim and in extenso with all the various portions of all the various branches of mathematics). 14. We may, however, at this point, draw the earnest attention of everyone concerned to the following salient items thereof:

(i) The Sutras (aphorisms) apply to and cover each and every part of each and every chapter of each and every branch of mathematics (including arithmetic, algebra, geometry-plane and solid, 'trigonometry -plane and spherical, conics-geometrical and analytical, astronomy, calculus-differential and integral etc.). In fact, there is no part of mathematics, pure or applied, which is beyond their jurisdiction; (ii) The Sutras are easy to understand, easy to apply and easy to remember; and the whole work can be truthfully summarised in one word "mental"!

(iii) Even as regards complex problems involving a good number of mathematical operations (consecutively or even simultaneously to be performed), the time taken by the Vedic method will be a third, a fourth, a tenth or even a much smaller fraction of the time required according to modern Western methods;

(iv) And, in some very important and striking cases, sums requiring 30,50,100 or even more numerous and cumbersome "steps" of working (according to the current Western methods) can be answered in a single and simple step of work by the Vedic method! And children of even 10 or 12 years of age merely look at the sums written on the blackboard (on the platform) and immediately shout out and dictate the answers from the body of the convocation hall (or another venue of the demonstration). And this is because, as a matter of fact, each digit automatically yields. its predecessor and its successor! and the children have merely to go on tossing off (or reeling off) the digits one after another (forwards or backwards)by mere mental arithmetic (without needing pen or pencil, paper or slate etc.)!

Foreword

Vedic mathematics by the late Sankaracarya (Bharati Krsna Tirtha) of Govardhana Pitha is a monumental work. In his deep-layer explorations of Cryptic Vedic Mysteries relating especially to their calculus of Shorthand formulae and their near and ready application to practical problems, the late Sankaracarya shows the rare combination of the probing insight and revealing intuition of a Yogi with the analytic acumen and synthetic talent of a mathematician. With the late Sankaracarya, we belong to a race now fast becoming extinct of die-hard believers who think that the Vedas represent an inexhaustible mine of profound wisdom in matters both spiritual and temporal and that this store of wisdom was not as regards its assets of fundamental validity and value at least gathered by the laborious inductive and deductive methods of ordinary systematic enquiry but was a direct gift of revelation to seers and sages who in their higher reaches of Yogic realization were competent to receive it from a source perfect and immaculate. But we admit and the late Sankaracarya has also practically admitted that one cannot expect to convert or revert criticism much less carry conviction by merely asserting one’s staunchest beliefs. To meet these ends one must be prepared to go the whole length of testing and verification by accepted accredited methods. The late Sankaracarya has by his comparative and critical study of Vedic mathematics made this essential requirement in Vedic studies abundantly clear. So let us agree to gauge Vedic mysteries not as we gauge the far-off nebulae with the poet’s eyes or with that of the seer but with the alert expert, scrutinizing eye of the physical astronomer if we may put it as that.

That there is a consolidated metaphysical background in the Vedas of the Objective sciences including mathematics as regards that basic conceptions are a point that may be granted by a thinker who has looked broadly and deeply into both realms.

In our paper recently published the Metaphysics of Physics we attempted to look into the mysteries of creative emergence as contained in the well-known cosmogonic Hymns with a view to unveiling the metaphysical background where both ancient wisdom and modern physics may meet on a common basis of logical understanding, and compare notes, discovering, where possible, points of significant or suggestive parallelism between the two sets of concepts, ancient and modern. That metaphysical background includes mathematics also; because physics as ever pursued is the application of mathematics to given or specified space-time-event situations. There we examined tapas as a fundamental creative formula whereby the Absolute emerges into the realms of measures, variations, limits, frameworks and relations. And this descent follows a logical order which seems to lend itself, within a framework of conditions and specifications, to mathematical analysis. Ratri in the Hymn represents the Principle of Limits, for example, rtanca satyanca stand for Becoming (calana-kalana) and Being (vartana-kalana) at a stage where limits or conditions or conventions do not yet arise or apply. The former gives the unconditioned, unrestricted how or thus of cosmic process, the latter, what or that of existence. Tapas, which corresponds to Ardhamatra in Tantric symbolism, negotiates, in its role, especially of critical variation, between what is, ab initio, unconditioned and unrestricted, and what appears otherwise, as for instance, in our own universe of logico-mathematical appreciation.

This is, necessarily, abstruse metaphysics, but it is, nevertheless, the starting background of both physics and mathematics. But for all practical purposes, we must come down from mystic nebulae to the terra firma of our actual apprehension and appreciation. That is to say, we must descend to our own pragmatic levels of time-space-event situations. Here we face actual problems, and one must meet and deal with these squarely without evasion or mystification. The late Sankaracarya has done this masterly feat with an adroitness that compels admiration.

It follows from the fundamental premises that the universe we live in must have a basic mathematical structure, and consequently, to know a fact or obtain a result herein, to any required degree of precision, one must obey the rule of mathematical measures and relations. This, however, one may do consciously or semi-consciously, systematically or haphazardly Even some species of lower animals are by instinct gifted mathematicians; for example, the migratory bird which flies thousands of miles off from its nest and after a period, unerringly returns. This implies a subconscious mathematical talent that works wonders. We may cite the case of a horse who was a mathematical prodigy and could ‘tell’ the result of a cube root (requiring 32 operations, according to M. Materlink in his ‘Unknown Quest’) in a twinkle of the eye. This sounds like magic, but it is undeniable that the feat of mathematics does sometimes assume a magical look. Man, undoubtedly, has been given his share of this magical gift. And he can improve upon it by practice and discipline, by Yoga and allied methods. This is also undeniable. Latel34 he devised the ‘automatic brain’ for complicated calculations of science that look like magic.

But apart from this ‘magic’, there is and has been, the ‘logic’ of mathematics also. A man works from instinct, talent, or even genius. But ordinarily, he works as a logical entity requiring specified data or premises to start from, and more or less elaborate steps of reasoning to arrive at a conclusion. This is his normal process of induction and deduction. Here formulae (Sutras) and relations (e.g. equations) must obtain as in mathematics. The magic and logic of mathematics in some cases get mixed up, but it is sane to keep them apart. You can get a result by magic, but when you are called upon to prove it, you must have recourse to logic.

Even in this latter case, your logic, your formulae and your applications may be either simple and elegant or complicated and cumbersome. The former is the ideal to aim at. We have classical instances of master mathematicians whose methods of analysis and solution have been regarded as marvels of cogency, compactness and elegance. Some have been ‘beautiful’ as a poem, e.g. Lagrange’s Analytical Mechanics

The late Sankaracarya has claimed, and rightly we may think, that the Vedic Sutras and their applications possess these virtues to a degree of eminence that cannot be challenged. The outstanding merit of his work lies in his actual proving of this contention.

Whether or not the Vedas be believed as repositories of perfect wisdom, it is unquestionable that the Vedic race lived not as merely pastoral folk possessing a half-or-quarter-developed culture and civilization. The Vedic seers were, again, not mere ‘navel. gazers’ or ‘nose. tip-gazers’. They proved themselves adept in all levels and branches of knowledge, theoretical and practical. For example, they had their varied objective both pure and applied.

Let us take a concrete illustration. Suppose in a time of drought we require rains by artificial means. The modern scientist has his theory and art (or technique) for producing the result. The old seer scientist had his both also, but different from these now availing. He had his science and technique, called Yajna, in which Mantra Yantra and other factors must cooperate with mathematical determinateness and precision. For this purpose, he developed the six auxiliaries of the Vedas in each of which mathematical skill and adroitness, occult or otherwise, play the decisive role. The Sutras lay down the shortest and surest lines. The correct intonation of the Mantra, the correct configuration of the Yantra (in the making of the Vedic etc., e.g. the quadrature of a circle) the correct time or astral conjugation factor the correct rhythms etc, all had to be perfected so as to produce the desired result effectively and adequately. Each of these required the calculus of mathematics. The modern technician has his logarithmic tables and Mechanics manuals the old Yajnika had his Sutras. How were the Sutras obtained by magic or logic or both is a vital matter we do not discuss here. The late Sankaracarya has claimed for them cogency compactness and simplicity. This is an even more vital point and we think he has reasonably made it good.

Contents

	General Editor’s Note	v
	Foreword	ix
	Conventional to Unconventionally Original	xv
	I. Introduction
1	My Beloved Gurudeva Srimati Manjula Trivedi	xxiii
2	Author’s Preface	xxxiii
	A. A Descriptive Prefatory Note	xxxvii
	B. Explanatory Exposition	xliii
	C. Illustrative Samples	xlv
	II Text
	Sixteen Sutras and their Corollaries	xvii
	Prolegomena	xix
1	Actual Applications of the Vedic Sutras	1
2	Arithmetical Computations	11
3	Multiplication	33
	Practical Application in Compound Multiplication	40
	Practice and Proportion in Compound Multiplication	42
4	Division by the Nikhilam Method	45
5	Division by the Paravartya Method	53
6	Argumental Division	67
	Linking note (Recapitulation and Conclusion)	71
7	Factorization (of Simple Quadratics)	73
8	Factorization (of Harder Quadratics)	77
9	Factorization of Cubics etc.	81
10	Highest common Factor	87
11	Simple Equations (First Principles)	93
12	Simple Equations (by Sunyam etc.)	97
13	Merger Type of Easy Simple Equations	115
14	Complex Mergers	123
15	Simultaneous Simple Equations	129
16	Miscellaneous (simple Equations	133
17	Quadratic Equations	145
18	Cubic Equations	155
19	Bi-Quadratic Equations	159
20	Multiple Simultaneous Equations	163
21	Simultaneous Quadratic Equations	169
22	Factorization and differential Calculus	175
23	Partial Fractions	179
24	Integration by Partial fractions	185
25	The Vedic Numerical Code	189
26	Recurring Decimals	191
27	Straight Division	227
28	Auxiliary Fractions	241
29	Divisibility and Simple Osculators	259
30	Divisibility and complex Multiplex Osculators	271
31	Sum and Difference of Squares	281
32	Elementary Squaring Cubing Etc.	285
33	Straight Squaring	291
34	Vargamula (Square Root)	295
35	Cube Roots of Exact Cubes	303
36	Cube Roots (General)	313
37	Pythagoras' theorem etc.	335
38	Apollonius Theorem	339
39	Analytical conics	341
40	Miscellaneous Matters	347
	Recapitulation and conclusion	351
	Press Opinion	353

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